In an AC power system, the power factor is the ratio of real power consumed by the load to the apparent power flowing in the circuit. It is a measure of how effectively electrical power is utilized.
When a device such as a motor operates, the real power it consumes is less than the apparent power, which is the product of the Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage and RMS current. This discrepancy is due to inductive loads (like coils in motors) and capacitive loads (like capacitors) within the equipment. These components cause reactive power, which is not consumed but rather oscillates between the load and the AC power source.
In other words, a higher power factor indicates a more efficient use of electrical power. The power factor can be measured using a power factor meter or similar devices. In an ordinary household, the power factor is typically around 85%, while in facilities with high-voltage power receiving equipment (such as electrical substations or switchgear), it is typically maintained in the range of 90% to 99%.
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